{"id":1378,"date":"2010-05-31T15:38:26","date_gmt":"2010-05-31T14:38:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/?p=1378"},"modified":"2022-03-10T09:28:59","modified_gmt":"2022-03-10T09:28:59","slug":"bench-marks-and-levelling-points","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/2010\/05\/bench-marks-and-levelling-points\/","title":{"rendered":"Bench marks and levelling points"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Carved or screwed in to thousands of walls around the country are symbols or devices used for map making before the advent of the global positioning system (GPS)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Taking the form of a metal plate or a carved stone, these were used to calculate distance and height from each other.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The datum for mainland Great Britain is mean sea level at Newlyn; the Ordnance Datum (OD).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The first primary levelling across England, Wales and Scotland, was carried out 1841-60.&nbsp;&nbsp;The first datum was an arbitrary height 100 feet below a bench mark cut in the face of the tower of St John&#8217;s Church, Old Haymarket, London; in 1844 a datum at Liverpool superseded this.<\/li><li>A second primary levelling, using 115 fundamental bench marks, took place 1912-21.<\/li><li>A third primary levelling was carried out 1951-56.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A Bench Mark or cut mark<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/cut_mark_gal1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"152\" src=\"http:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/cut_mark_gal1-203x152.jpg\" alt=\"A cut mark carved into sandstone\" class=\"wp-image-1389\"\/><\/a><figcaption>A cut mark carved into sandstone<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These usually takes the form of a horizontal line with an arrow pointing up from below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These marks were cut by Ordnance Survey levelling staff to provide a network of points at which height has been precisely measured (to the centre of the horizontal line) above sea level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was policy to maintain about 5 bench marks per 1Km square in rural areas, about 30 to 40 in urban areas, and there was a policy to check and renew marks to compensate for losses due to building and road works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There used to be about half a million bench marks in Great Britain but they are not needed any more and about half have disappeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can find them mainly on buildings (especially churches) and on bridges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The name derives from the angle iron which is fitted into the horizontal cut to give a &#8216;bench&#8217; or support for a levelling staff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fundamental bench mark<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are very stable bench marks with foundations built to minimise any movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each has a buried chamber with a brass bolt set in the top of a granite pillar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They were built about 40 km (25 miles) apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are the key to the whole levelling of the UK. They are&nbsp;Highly accurate height stations still used today as the baseline to levelling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pictures of the assorted marks can be found <a title=\"FBM Styles - A Pictorial Guide\" href=\"http:\/\/www.watertower.co.uk\/Levelling\/FBM\/FBM.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Flush bracket<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are metal plates cemented flush into the faces of buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/plate_gal2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"152\" src=\"http:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/plate_gal2-203x152.jpg\" alt=\"A flush bracket with unique number\" class=\"wp-image-1390\"\/><\/a><figcaption>A flush bracket with unique number<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These act as Bench Marks along levelling lines between Fundamental Bench Marks (FBM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can also find them on triangulation pillars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you see one,&nbsp; the next will be about 1.5 km (1 mile) away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flush Brackets are a type of bench mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each has a number on it, but this is just a serial number and does not give the height above sea level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If they are not affixed to a triangulation pillar they are often referred to as Non-Pillar Flush Brackets (NPFB).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Trig points<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over 6500 <a title=\"OSBM\" href=\"http:\/\/trigsmsn.multiply.com\/journal\/item\/16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">triangulation pillars<\/a> were erected by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Referred to as trig points, these monuments to map making are often found at or near the summits of hills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The triangulation pillars were built for the Retriangulation in Great Britain of 1936-62 and were constructed from 1935 to 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>About GPS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the user&#8217;s exact location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Levelling points we have spotted<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our gallery of levelling points. \u00a0As we spot any more we will add them to this gallery, so please keep coming back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"1280\" data-id=\"28234\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark-768x1024.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" data-id=\"28235\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark2.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark2-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/eden_bridge_benchmark2-1024x768.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" data-id=\"28236\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0481.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0481.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0481-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0481-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0481-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0481-1024x768.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" data-id=\"28237\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0483.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0483.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0483-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0483-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0483-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0483-1024x768.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"1280\" data-id=\"28238\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0598.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0598.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0598-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0598-768x1024.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" data-id=\"28239\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0600.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0600.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0600-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0600-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0600-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0600-1024x768.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"1280\" data-id=\"28240\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0602.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0602.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0602-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_0602-768x1024.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28241\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_2082-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28241\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-id=\"28242\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1143_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1143_2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1143_2-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1143_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1143_2-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-id=\"28243\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1144_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1144_2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1144_2-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1144_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/IMG_1144_2-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-id=\"28244\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/benchmark_canl_st_carlisle.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/benchmark_canl_st_carlisle.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/benchmark_canl_st_carlisle-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/benchmark_canl_st_carlisle-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/benchmark_canl_st_carlisle-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\" data-id=\"28245\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench1.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench1-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" data-id=\"28246\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench2-203x152.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/countess_pillar_bench2-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28247\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/cockermouth_church-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28248\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/newtown_road-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28248\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28249\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/west_walls-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28249\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/cut_mark_wetheral-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28250\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28251\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/shaddongate_cut_mark-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28251\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\" data-id=\"28252\" src=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/near_nigg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/near_nigg.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/near_nigg-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further information<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">http:\/\/www.bench-marks.org.uk &#8211; The database contains records of Ordnance Survey bench marks, with particular focus on the numbered flush brackets which appear on walls and buildings across Britain. In addition, fundamental bench marks, projecting brackets, tidal observatories, and other bench marks are also included, to help give a more complete picture of the levelling lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a title=\"Ordnanace Survey\" href=\"http:\/\/mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk\/mapzone\/PagesHomeworkHelp\/resources\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ordnance Survey<\/a> &#8211; Build your own map<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bubl.ac.uk\/org\/tacit\/tac\/tac32\/lost4500.htm\">Lost: 4500 bench marks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a title=\"Trigpointing Ireland\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trigpointing-ireland.org.uk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trigpointing Ireland <\/a>&#8211; Some grat information about maps and trig points<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a title=\"Bench marks and cuts in Cumbria\" href=\"http:\/\/www.geog.port.ac.uk\/webmap\/thelakes\/html\/topics\/benmrkf.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Loads of photographs<\/a> of bench marks in Cumbria<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a title=\"Mapping Scotland\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nls.uk\/maps\/os\/6inch\/os_info1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mapping Scotland<\/a> &#8211; An essay in to the challenge of mapping the remote hills, valleys and forests of Scotland<br><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"http:\/\/rcm-uk.amazon.co.uk\/e\/cm?t=heritageandhistory-21&amp;o=2&amp;p=36&amp;l=st1&amp;mode=electronics-uk&amp;search=gps&amp;fc1=000000&amp;lt1=&amp;lc1=3366FF&amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;f=ifr\" width=\"600\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carved or screwed in to thousands of walls around the country are symbols or devices used for map making before the advent of the global positioning system (GPS)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":1381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,427],"tags":[2198,2221,90,2199,2191,2205,2193,2194,2211,2220,1460,2206,2196,1763,341,2200,2219,2208,2201,2223,2218,2209,2222,2192,2217,1358,2069,2204,2215,214,2202,2210,2207,2216],"class_list":["post-1378","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-architecture","category-featured","tag-advent","tag-angle-iron","tag-arrow","tag-bench-mark","tag-bench-marks","tag-bolt","tag-brackets","tag-buildings","tag-carved-stone","tag-england-wales","tag-focus","tag-foundations","tag-global-positioning-system","tag-granite","tag-great-britain","tag-half-a-million","tag-haymarket-london","tag-height-above-sea-level","tag-horizontal-line","tag-levelling-staff","tag-mainland","tag-metal-plates","tag-name-derives-from","tag-observatories","tag-ordnance-datum","tag-ordnance-survey","tag-org-uk","tag-pillar","tag-rural-areas","tag-sandstone","tag-sea-level","tag-serial-number","tag-triangulation-pillars","tag-urban-areas","entry"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/cut_mark_600.jpg","featured_image_src_square":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/cut_mark_600.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/author\/admin-2\/"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1378","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1378"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1378\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28254,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1378\/revisions\/28254"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1378"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1378"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.heritageandhistory.com\/contents1a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1378"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}